When you are listening, you may not understand -or hear- the speaker, so that the speaker and you can negotiate a way of resolving it between you. There are seven conversational repair strategies.
1. Confirmation Check
Listener makes sure they've understood what speaker means. e.g. "So he didn't win,then?"
2. Comprehension Check
Speaker makes sure that Listener has understood. e.g. "Do you understand me?"
3. Clarification Request
Listener asks Speaker to repeat, explain or rephrase. e.g. "When you say so-so, what do you mean?"
4. Repetition
Listener or Speaker repeats their own (or the other's) words.
5. Reformulation
Speaker rephrases the content of what they have said. e.g. "So-so -in other words, not very good."
6. Completion
Listener completes Speaker's utterance.
7. Backtracking
Speaker returns to a point in the conversation, up to which they believe that Listener has understood.
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